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1.
Indian J Med Ethics ; 2013 Apr-Jun ; 10 (2): 76-79
Article in English | IMSEAR | ID: sea-153604

ABSTRACT

In 2005, the government amended Schedule Y of the Drugs and Cosmetics Act, 1940, and Rules, 1945, to liberalise the conduct of global drug trials in India. Proponents of this policy had asserted that we needed less, and not more, regulation, in order to expand the business of drug trials. Many from the medical profession, the bioethics community and civil society groups have been critical of this policy.


Subject(s)
Civil Rights/legislation & jurisprudence , Clinical Trials as Topic/adverse effects , Clinical Trials as Topic/economics , Clinical Trials as Topic/legislation & jurisprudence , Compensation and Redress/legislation & jurisprudence , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/economics , Homicide/economics , Homicide/legislation & jurisprudence , Human Experimentation/legislation & jurisprudence , Humans , India , Research Subjects/legislation & jurisprudence , Wounds and Injuries/economics
2.
São Paulo med. j ; 129(3): 153-164, May 2011. tab
Article in English | LILACS | ID: lil-592832

ABSTRACT

CONTEXT AND OBJECTIVES: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) may cause prolonged hospital admissions with high treatment costs. The burden of ADRs in children has never been evaluated in Nigeria. The incidence of pediatric ADRs and the estimated cost of treatment over an 18-month period were determined in this study. DESIGN AND SETTING: Prospective observational study on children admitted to the pediatric wards of the Lagos State University Teaching Hospital (LASUTH) in Nigeria, between July 2006 and December 2007. METHODS: Each patient was assessed for ADRs throughout admission. Medical and non-medical costs to the hospital and patient were estimated for each ADR by reviewing the medical and pharmacy bills, medical charts and diagnostic request forms and by interviewing the parents. Cost estimates were performed in 2007 naira (Nigeria currency) from the perspectives of the hospital (government), service users (patients) and society (bearers of the total costs attributable to treating ADRs). The total estimated cost was expressed in 2007 United States dollars (USD). RESULTS: Two thousand and four children were admitted during the study; 12 (0.6 percent) were admitted because of ADRs and 23 (1.2 percent) developed ADR(s) during admission. Forty ADRs were suspected in these 35 patients and involved 53 medicines. Antibiotics (50 percent) were the most suspected medicines. Approximately 1.83 million naira (USD 15,466.60) was expended to manage all the patients admitted due to ADRs. CONCLUSIONS: Treating pediatric ADRs was very expensive. Pediatric drug use policies in Nigeria need to be reviewed so as to discourage self-medication, polypharmacy prescription and sales of prescription medicines without prescription.


CONTEXTO E OBJETIVOS: Reações adversas a drogas (RAD) podem causar hospitalização prolongada com alto custo de tratamento. Este efeito das RAD em crianças nunca foi avaliado na Nigéria. A incidência de RAD em pediatria e o custo estimado de tratamento em um período de 18 meses foram determinadas neste estudo. DESENHO E LOCAL: Estudo prospectivo observacional de crianças admitidas nas unidades pediátricas do Hospital Universitário do Estado de Lagos (LASUTH) na Nigéria, entre julho de 2006 e dezembro de 2007. MÉTODOS: Cada paciente foi avaliado para RAD durante a admissão. Os custos médicos e não médicos para o hospital e para o paciente foram estimados para cada RAD pela revisão das contas médicas e da farmácia, pelos registros médicos, pelos exames necessários para diagnóstico e pelas entrevistas com os pais. Os custos foram estimados em nairas (moeda nigeriana) de 2007 a partir das perspectivas do hospital (governo), dos usuários de serviços (pacientes) e da sociedade (portadores dos custos totais atribuídos ao tratamento de RAD). A estimativa de custo total foi apresentada em dólares americanos (US) de 2007. RESULTADOS: Duas mil e quatro crianças foram admitidas durante este estudo; 12 (0,6 por cento) foram admitidas devido a RAD e 23 (1.2 por cento) desenvolveram RAD durante admissão. Quarenta RAD foram suspeitadas nesses 35 pacientes e envolveram 53 medicamentos. Antibióticos (50 por cento) foram as drogas mais suspeitas. Aproximadamente 1.83 milhões de nairas (US 15,466.60) foram gastos para cuidar de todos os pacientes admitidos por RAD. CONCLUSÕES: O tratamento das RAD pediátricas foi bastante caro. As políticas de uso de drogas em pediatria na Nigéria devem ser revistas para desencorajar a auto-medicação, a prescrição de polifarmácia e a venda de medicamentos de prescrição sem prescrição.


Subject(s)
Child , Child, Preschool , Female , Humans , Infant , Infant, Newborn , Male , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/economics , Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions/epidemiology , Hospital Costs , Age Distribution , Direct Service Costs , Fees and Charges , Hospitalization/economics , Hospitalization/statistics & numerical data , Hospitals, Teaching , Incidence , Nigeria/epidemiology , Prospective Studies , Sex Distribution
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